Measured Yields from HRIBF RIB Production Targets (2001)
- Note added July 14, 2005: Check this table for more recent values.
- Note added Nov 9, 2004: Check recent newsletters for actual yields on target. Some beams such as Sn, are stronger than by factors as high as 10 or more.
- Note added Feb. 16, 2001: This uranium carbide target has been proven to withstand 10 uA of proton beam from ORIC.
- Beam on target prediction includes charge state fraction and a factor to account for transmission losses and inaccuracies in the magnitude of the charge state fraction.
- Actual charge state selection for an individual experiment depends on many factors. The estimates calculated here are for planning purposes.
- The range of acceptable tandem voltages is 1-25 MV. Running above 23 MV requires significant conditioning of the tandem and may not always be available. Operation above 24 MV may be possible but at a significant cost in time and stability of the beam is usually not optimum.
| Mass | Element | Half-life |
Yield from Injector ions/s/uA of protons |
Charge Exchange Efficiency1 (% at 40 kV) |
Beam into Tandem2 per uA of protons | Typical ORIC current (uA) | Comment | Beam energy (MeV) | Stripping | Submit request |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ga | 5.09 s | 7.28E+05 | 5.3 | 3.82E+04 | 7 | EBPIS; isobar contaminated |
Single Double | |||
| Ge | 88 m | 1.38E+06 | 30.8 | 4.26E+05 | 7 | EBPIS; isobar contaminated |
Single Double | |||
| Ga | 2.85 s | 4.65E+05 | 5.3 | 2.44E+04 | 7 | EBPIS; isobar contaminated |
Single Double | |||
| Ge | 19.0 s | 5.01E+05 | 30.8 | 1.54E+05 | 7 | EBPIS; isobar contaminated |
Single Double | |||
| As | 9.0 m | 7.49E+05 | 30.7 | 2.30E+05 | 7 | EBPIS; isobar contaminated |
Single Double | |||
| Ga | 1.7 s | 4.27E+05 | 5.3 | 2.24E+04 | 7 | EBPIS; isobar contaminated |
Single Double | |||
| As | 15.2 s | 2.26E+05 | 30.7 | 6.93E+04 | 7 | EBPIS; isobar contaminated |
Single Double | |||
| Ge | 7.6 s | 1.50E+04 | 30.8 | 4.62E+03 | 7 | EBPIS; isobar contaminated |
Single Double | |||
| As | 33.3 s | 6.52E+04 | 30.7 | 2.00E+04 | 7 | EBPIS; isobar contaminated |
Single Double | |||
| Se | 22.3 m | 9.76E+05 | 16.6 | 1.62E+05 | 7 | EBPIS; isobar contaminated |
Single Double | |||
| Br | 2.4 h | 2.44E+07 | 0.8 | 1.95E+05 | 7 | EBPIS; isobar contaminated |
Single Double | |||
| Br | 2.4 h | NA | 6.4E+06 | 7 | LaB6; NO ISOBAR CONTAMINATION |
Single Double | ||||
| 84 | Se | 3.1 m | 8.09E+04 | 16.6 | 1.34E+04 | 7 | EBPIS; isobar contaminated |
Single Double | ||
| mBr | 6.0 m | 2.38E+06 | 0.8 | 1.90E+04 | 7 | EBPIS; isobar contaminated |
Single Double | |||
| Br | 31.8 m | 1.77E+07 | 0.8 | 1.42E+05 | 7 | EBPIS; isobar contaminated |
Single Double | |||
| mBr | 6.0 m | NA | 5.2E+06 | 7 | LaB6; NO ISOBAR CONTAMINATION |
Single Double | ||||
| Br | 2.9 m | 1.79E+07 | 0.8 | 1.43E+05 | 7 | EBPIS; isobar contaminated |
Single Double | |||
| Br | 2.9 m | NA | 3.2E+06 | 7 | LaB6; NO ISOBAR CONTAMINATION |
Single Double | ||||
| Br | 55.1 s | 6.79E+06 | 0.8 | 5.44E+04 | 7 | EBPIS; isobar contaminated |
Single Double | |||
| Br | 55.1 s | NA | 8.5E+05 | 7 | LaB6; NO ISOBAR CONTAMINATION |
Single Double | ||||
| Br | 55.6 s | 7.98E+06 | 0.8 | 6.38E+04 | 7 | EBPIS; isobar contaminated |
Single Double | |||
| Br | 55.6 s | NA | 1.5E+06 | 7 | LaB6; NO ISOBAR CONTAMINATION |
Single Double | ||||
| Kr | 1.27 h | 5.75E+06 | 0.0 | 0.00E+00 | 7 | EBPIS; doesn't make negative ions |
Single Double | |||
| Br | 16.3 s | 2.80E+06 | 0.8 | 2.24E+04 | 7 | EBPIS; isobar contaminated |
Single Double | |||
| Br | 16.3 s | NA | 2.3E+05 | 7 | LaB6; NO ISOBAR CONTAMINATION |
Single Double | ||||
| Kr | 2.84 h | 1.15E+07 | 0.0 | 0.00E+00 | 7 | EBPIS; doesn't make negative ions |
Single Double | |||
| Rb | 17.8 m | 2.16E+07 | 0.3 | 6.49E+04 | 7 | EBPIS; isobar contaminated |
Single Double | |||
| Kr | 3.15 m | 7.96E+06 | 0.0 | 0.00E+00 | 7 | EBPIS; doesn't make negative ions |
Single Double | |||
| Rb | 15.2 m | 6.27E+07 | 0.3 | 1.88E+05 | 7 | EBPIS; isobar contaminated |
Single Double | |||
| Kr | 32.3 s | 2.70E+06 | 0.0 | 0.00E+00 | 7 | EBPIS; doesn't make negative ions |
Single Double | |||
| mRb | 4.3 m | 3.30E+07 | 0.3 | 9.90E+04 | 7 | EBPIS; isobar contaminated |
Single Double | |||
| Kr | 8.57 s | 1.81E+05 | 0.0 | 0.00E+00 | 7 | EBPIS; doesn't make negative ions |
Single Double | |||
| Rb | 58.4 s | 3.28E+07 | 0.3 | 9.85E+04 | 7 | EBPIS; isobar contaminated |
Single Double | |||
| Sr | 9.63 h | 4.94E+07 | 0.9 | 4.45E+05 | 7 | EBPIS; isobar contaminated |
Single Double | |||
| Rb | 4.49 s | 3.19E+06 | 0.3 | 9.57E+03 | 7 | EBPIS; isobar contaminated |
Single Double | |||
| Sr | 2.71 h | 5.92E+07 | 0.9 | 5.33E+05 | 7 | EBPIS; isobar contaminated |
Single Double | |||
| Rb | 5.84 s | 9.44E+06 | 0.3 | 2.83E+04 | 7 | EBPIS; isobar contaminated |
Single Double | |||
| Sr | 7.42 m | 2.23E+07 | 0.9 | 2.01E+05 | 7 | EBPIS; isobar contaminated |
Single Double | |||
| Rb | 2.7 s | 7.13E+06 | 0.3 | 2.14E+04 | 7 | EBPIS; isobar contaminated |
Single Double | |||
| Sr | 1.26 m | 8.32E+06 | 0.9 | 7.49E+04 | 7 | EBPIS; isobar contaminated |
Single Double | |||
| Y | 18.7 m | 2.94E+05 | (1.0) | 2.94E+03 | 7 | EBPIS; isobar contaminated |
Single Double | |||
| Sr | 23.9 s | 4.12E+06 | 0.9 | 3.71E+04 | 7 | EBPIS; isobar contaminated |
Single Double | |||
| Ag | 3.13 h | 3.05E+07 | (5.0) | 1.53E+06 | 7 | EBPIS; isobar contaminated |
Single Double | |||
| mAg | 1.14 m | 7.11E+07 | (5.0) | 3.56E+06 | 7 | EBPIS; isobar contaminated |
Single Double | |||
| Ag | 5.37 h | 3.06E+08 | (5.0) | 1.53E+07 | 7 | EBPIS; isobar contaminated |
Single Double | |||
| Ag | 4.6 s | 2.71E+07 | (5.0) | 1.36E+06 | 7 | EBPIS; isobar contaminated |
Single Double | |||
| Ag | 20 m | 9.97E+07 | (5.0) | 4.98E+06 | 7 | EBPIS; isobar contaminated |
Single Double | |||
| mAg | 8.6 s | 8.26E+06 | (5.0) | 4.13E+05 | 7 | EBPIS; isobar contaminated |
Single Double | |||
| Ag | 2.68 m | 3.39E+07 | (5.0) | 1.69E+06 | 7 | EBPIS; isobar contaminated |
Single Double | |||
| mAg | 1.21 m | 2.77E+07 | (5.0) | 1.39E+06 | 7 | EBPIS; isobar contaminated |
Single Double | |||
| Ag | 5.34 s | 2.14E+07 | (5.0) | 1.07E+06 | 7 | EBPIS; isobar contaminated |
Single Double | |||
| Cd | 2.49 h | 5.27E+07 | 0.0 | 0.00E+00 | 7 | EBPIS; doesn't make negative ions |
Single Double | |||
| In | 43.2 m | 9.48E+06 | 6.0 | 5.69E+05 | 7 | EBPIS; isobar contaminated |
Single Double | |||
| mAg | 2 s | 1.19E+07 | (5.0) | 5.96E+05 | 7 | EBPIS; isobar contaminated |
Single Double | |||
| Ag | 3.76 s | 4.00E+06 | (5.0) | 2.00E+05 | 7 | EBPIS; isobar contaminated |
Single Double | |||
| mIn | 8.5 s | 2.92E+06 | 6.0 | 1.75E+05 | 7 | EBPIS; isobar contaminated |
Single Double | |||
| m'In | 4.45 m | 8.00E+06 | 6.0 | 4.80E+05 | 7 | EBPIS; isobar contaminated |
Single Double | |||
| mCd | 2.2 m | 2.91E+07 | 0.0 | 0.00E+00 | 7 | EBPIS; doesn't make negative ions |
Single Double | |||
| Cd | 2.68 m | 2.82E+07 | 0.0 | 0.00E+00 | 7 | EBPIS; doesn't make negative ions |
Single Double | |||
| In | 2.4 m | 6.65E+07 | 6.0 | 3.99E+06 | 7 | EBPIS; isobar contaminated |
Single Double | |||
| mIn | 47.3 s | 1.72E+07 | 6.0 | 1.03E+06 | 7 | EBPIS; isobar contaminated |
Single Double | |||
| mCd | 8.3 s | 4.45E+06 | 0.0 | 0.00E+00 | 7 | EBPIS; doesn't make negative ions |
Single Double | |||
| Cd | 13.5 s | 2.82E+06 | 0.0 | 0.00E+00 | 7 | EBPIS; doesn't make negative ions |
Single Double | |||
| mIn | 3.9 m | 3.06E+07 | 6.0 | 1.84E+06 | 7 | EBPIS; isobar contaminated |
Single Double | |||
| In | 23.1 s | 5.28E+07 | 6.0 | 3.17E+06 | 7 | EBPIS; isobar contaminated |
Single Double | |||
| mIn | 10.8 s | 9.34E+06 | 6.0 | 5.60E+05 | 7 | EBPIS; isobar contaminated |
Single Double | |||
| m'In | 10.3 s | 2.85E+06 | 6.0 | 1.71E+05 | 7 | EBPIS; isobar contaminated |
Single Double | |||
| mIn | 47.8 s | 6.11E+06 | 6.0 | 3.66E+05 | 7 | EBPIS; isobar contaminated |
Single Double | |||
| In | 5.98 s | 3.33E+07 | 6.0 | 2.00E+06 | 7 | EBPIS; isobar contaminated |
Single Double | |||
| mSn | 40.1 m | 6.74E+07 | 43.4 | 2.92E+07 | 7 | EBPIS; isobar contaminated |
Single Double | |||
| mIn | 3.7 s | 7.29E+06 | 6.0 | 4.37E+05 | 7 | EBPIS; isobar contaminated |
Single Double | |||
| In | 3.11 s | 3.18E+06 | 6.0 | 1.91E+05 | 7 | EBPIS; isobar contaminated |
Single Double | |||
| In | 2.36 s | 1.86E+07 | 6.0 | 1.12E+06 | 7 | EBPIS; isobar contaminated |
Single Double | |||
| mSn | 9.52 m | 1.51E+07 | 43.4 | 6.57E+06 | 7 | EBPIS; isobar contaminated |
Single Double | |||
| In | 1.6 s | 5.91E+06 | 6.0 | 3.55E+05 | 7 | EBPIS; isobar contaminated |
Single Double | |||
| Sn | 1x105 y | 3.4E+07 (est) | 43.4 | 4.9E+06 | 7 | EBPIS; isobar-free through SnS molecule |
Single Double | |||
| mSb | 19.2 m | 1.09E+07 | (31.0) | 3.39E+06 | 7 | EBPIS; isobar contaminated |
Single Double | |||
| mIn | 3.67 s | 4.74E+05 | 6.0 | 2.84E+04 | 7 | EBPIS; isobar contaminated |
Single Double | |||
| In | 1.09 s | 4.74E+06 | 6.0 | 2.85E+05 | 7 | EBPIS; isobar contaminated |
Single Double | |||
| mSn | 4.13 m | 3.30E+06 | 43.4 | 1.43E+06 | 7 | EBPIS; isobar contaminated |
Single Double | |||
| mSn | 4.13 m | 3.30E+06 | 43.4 | 3.43E+05 | 7 | EBPIS; isobar-free through SnS molecule |
Single Double | |||
| Sn | 2.1 h | 4.31E+07 | 43.4 | 1.87E+07 | 7 | EBPIS; isobar contaminated |
Single Double | |||
| Sn | 2.1 h | 4.31E+07 | 43.4 | 4.00E+06 | 7 | EBPIS; isobar-free through SnS molecule |
Single Double | |||
| Sb | 3.85 d | 1.23E+08 | (31.0) | 3.82E+07 | 7 | EBPIS; isobar contaminated |
Single Double | |||
| mSn | 6.5 s | 1.66E+06 | 43.4 | 7.22E+05 | 7 | EBPIS; isobar contaminated |
Single Double | |||
| mSn | 6.5 s | 1.66E+06 | 43.4 | 5.14E+04 | 7 | EBPIS; isobar-free through SnS molecule |
Single Double | |||
| Sn | 59.1 m | 1.98E+07 | 43.4 | 8.61E+06 | 7 | EBPIS; isobar contaminated |
Single Double | |||
| Sn | 59.1 m | 1.98E+07 | 43.4 | 2.0E+06 | 7 | EBPIS; isobar-free through SnS molecule |
Single Double | |||
| mSb | 10.4 m | 1.45E+07 | (31.0) | 4.50E+06 | 7 | EBPIS; isobar contaminated |
Single Double | |||
| Sb | 9.01 h | 7.03E+07 | (31.0) | 2.18E+07 | 7 | EBPIS; isobar contaminated |
Single Double | |||
| mSn | 6.9 m | 4.31E+06 | 43.4 | 1.87E+06 | 7 | EBPIS; isobar contaminated |
Single Double | |||
| mSn | 6.9 m | 4.31E+06 | 43.4 | 4.14E+05 | 7 | EBPIS; isobar-free through SnS molecule |
Single Double | |||
| Sn | 2.23 m | 2.07E+06 | 43.4 | 8.98E+05 | 7 | EBPIS; isobar contaminated |
Single Double | |||
| Sn | 2.23 m | 2.07E+06 | 43.4 | 1.71E+05 | 7 | EBPIS; isobar-free through SnS molecule |
Single Double | |||
| Sb | 4.4 h | 6.59E+07 | (31.0) | 2.04E+07 | 7 | EBPIS; isobar contaminated |
Single Double | |||
| Te | 1.16 h | 1.35E+07 | 17.0 | 2.29E+06 | 7 | EBPIS; isobar contaminated |
Single Double | |||
| mSn | 1.7 m | 4.37E+05 | 43.4 | 1.90E+05 | 7 | EBPIS; isobar contaminated |
Single Double | |||
| mSn | 1.7 m | 4.37E+05 | 43.4 | 2.43E+04 | 7 | EBPIS; isobar-free through SnS molecule |
Single Double | |||
| Sn | 3.72 m | 2.69E+06 | 43.4 | 1.17E+06 | 7 | EBPIS; isobar contaminated |
Single Double | |||
| Sn | 3.72 m | 2.69E+06 | 43.4 | 2.29E+05 | 7 | EBPIS; isobar-free through SnS molecule |
Single Double | |||
| mSb | 6.3 m | 9.38E+06 | (31.0) | 2.91E+06 | 7 | EBPIS; isobar contaminated |
Single Double | |||
| Sb | 39.5 m | 3.91E+07 | (31.0) | 1.21E+07 | 7 | EBPIS; isobar contaminated |
Single Double | |||
| I | 12.36 h | 4.02E+07 | (1.0) | 4.02E+05 | 7 | EBPIS; isobar contaminated |
Single Double | |||
| Sn | 1.02 m | 1.16E+06 | 43.4 | 5.05E+05 | 7 | EBPIS; isobar contaminated |
Single Double | |||
| Sn | 1.02 m | 1.16E+06 | 43.4 | 3.29E+04 | 7 | EBPIS; isobar-free through SnS molecule |
Single Double | |||
| Sb | 23.0 m | 3.57E+07 | (31.0) | 1.11E+07 | 7 | EBPIS; isobar contaminated |
Single Double | |||
| Te | 25 m | 1.46E+07 | 17.0 | 2.48E+06 | 7 | EBPIS; isobar contaminated |
Single Double | |||
| Sn | 39.7 s | 9.54E+05 | 43.4 | 4.14E+05 | 7 | EBPIS; isobar contaminated |
Single Double | |||
| Sn | 39.7 s | 9.54E+05 | 43.4 | 3.07E+04 | 7 | EBPIS; isobar-free through SnS molecule |
Single Double | |||
| mSb | 2.78 m | 6.94E+06 | (31.0) | 2.15E+06 | 7 | EBPIS; isobar contaminated |
Single Double | |||
| Sb | 4.1 m | 4.29E+06 | (31.0) | 1.33E+06 | 7 | EBPIS; isobar contaminated |
Single Double | |||
| Te | 3.20 d | 1.58E+08 | 17.0 | 2.69E+07 | 7 | EBPIS; isobar contaminated |
Single Double | |||
| mI | 1.39 h | 4.80E+07 | (1.0) | 4.80E+05 | 7 | EBPIS; isobar contaminated |
Single Double | |||
| mI | 1.39 h | NA | 8.2E+05 | 7 | LaB6; NO ISOBAR CONTAMINATION |
Single Double | ||||
| I | 2.3 h | 3.10E+07 | (1.0) | 3.10E+05 | 7 | EBPIS; isobar contaminated |
Single Double | |||
| I | 2.3 h | NA | 7.3E+05 | 7 | LaB6; NO ISOBAR CONTAMINATION |
Single Double | ||||
| Sb | 2.5 m | 4.90E+06 | (31.0) | 1.52E+06 | 7 | EBPIS; isobar contaminated |
Single Double | |||
| mTe | 55.4 m | 8.45E+07 | 17.0 | 1.44E+07 | 7 | EBPIS; isobar contaminated |
Single Double | |||
| Te | 12.5 m | 1.00E+07 | 17.0 | 1.70E+06 | 7 | EBPIS; isobar contaminated |
Single Double | |||
| mI | 9.0 s | 4.20E+06 | (1.0) | 4.20E+04 | 7 | EBPIS; isobar contaminated |
Single Double | |||
| I | 20.8 h | 1.66E+08 | (1.0) | 1.66E+06 | 7 | EBPIS; isobar contaminated |
Single Double | |||
| mSb | 10.2 s | 1.97E+05 | (31.0) | 6.12E+04 | 7 | EBPIS; isobar contaminated |
Single Double | |||
| Te | 41.8 m | 3.23E+07 | 17.0 | 5.50E+06 | 7 | EBPIS; isobar contaminated |
Single Double | |||
| mI | 3.6 m | 2.54E+07 | (1.0) | 2.54E+05 | 7 | EBPIS; isobar contaminated |
Single Double | |||
| mI | 3.6 m | NA | 1.5E+06 | 7 | LaB6; NO ISOBAR CONTAMINATION |
Single Double | ||||
| I | 52.5 m | 4.31E+07 | (1.0) | 4.31E+05 | 7 | EBPIS; isobar contaminated |
Single Double | |||
| I | 52.5 m | NA | 2.7E+06 | 7 | LaB6; NO ISOBAR CONTAMINATION |
Single Double | ||||
| Te | 19.0 s | 1.58E+06 | 17.0 | 2.69E+05 | 7 | EBPIS; isobar contaminated |
Single Double | |||
| I | 6.57 h | 7.35E+07 | (1.0) | 7.35E+05 | 7 | EBPIS; isobar contaminated |
Single Double | |||
| mXe | 15.3 m | 1.29E+07 | 0.0 | 0.00E+00 | 7 | EBPIS; doesn't make negative ions |
Single Double | |||
| Xe | 9.14 h | 1.66E+07 | 0.0 | 0.00E+00 | 7 | EBPIS; doesn't make negative ions |
Single Double | |||
| Te | 17.5 s | 4.04E+05 | 17.0 | 6.88E+04 | 7 | EBPIS; isobar contaminated |
Single Double | |||
| mI | 46.9 s | 5.17E+06 | (1.0) | 5.17E+04 | 7 | EBPIS; isobar contaminated |
Single Double | |||
| mI | 46.9 s | NA | 1.9E+06 | 7 | LaB6; NO ISOBAR CONTAMINATION |
Single Double | ||||
| I | 1.4 m | 3.04E+06 | (1.0) | 3.04E+04 | 7 | EBPIS; isobar contaminated |
Single Double | |||
| I | 1.4 m | NA | 1.2E+06 | 7 | LaB6; NO ISOBAR CONTAMINATION |
Single Double | ||||
| I | 24.5 s | 6.36E+06 | (1.0) | 6.36E+04 | 7 | EBPIS; isobar contaminated |
Single Double | |||
| I | 24.5 s | NA | 2.2E+05 | 7 | LaB6; NO ISOBAR CONTAMINATION |
Single Double | ||||
| Xe | 3.82 m | 1.56E+07 | 0.0 | 0.00E+00 | 7 | EBPIS; doesn't make negative ions |
Single Double | |||
| I | 14.1 m | NA | 2.3E+04 | 7 | LaB6; NO ISOBAR CONTAMINATION |
Single Double | ||||
| Xe | 14.1 m | 7.68E+06 | 0.0 | 0.00E+00 | 7 | EBPIS; doesn't make negative ions |
Single Double | |||
| mCs | 2.92 m | 3.00E+07 | (0.3) | 9.00E+04 | 7 | EBPIS; isobar contaminated |
Single Double | |||
| Cs | 33.4 m | 2.68E+07 | (0.3) | 8.04E+04 | 7 | EBPIS; isobar contaminated |
Single Double | |||
| Xe | 39.7 s | 3.19E+06 | 0.0 | 0.00E+00 | 7 | EBPIS; doesn't make negative ions |
Single Double | |||
| Cs | 9.27 m | 6.28E+07 | (0.3) | 1.88E+05 | 7 | EBPIS; isobar contaminated |
Single Double | |||
| Ba | 1.38 h | 1.27E+06 | (1.0) | 1.27E+04 | 7 | EBPIS; isobar contaminated |
Single Double | |||
| Cs | 1.06 m | 1.62E+07 | (0.3) | 4.85E+04 | 7 | EBPIS; isobar contaminated |
Single Double | |||
| Cs | 24.9 s | 2.28E+07 | (0.3) | 6.85E+04 | 7 | EBPIS; isobar contaminated |
Single Double | |||
| Ba | 18.3 m | 1.65E+06 | (1.0) | 1.65E+04 | 7 | EBPIS; isobar contaminated |
Single Double | |||
| Cs | 1.8 s | 2.55E+06 | (0.3) | 7.65E+03 | 7 | EBPIS; isobar contaminated |
Single Double | |||
| Ba | 10.6 m | 3.94E+06 | (1.0) | 3.94E+04 | 7 | EBPIS; isobar contaminated |
Single Double | |||
| Cs | 1.78 s | 1.60E+06 | (0.3) | 4.80E+03 | 7 | EBPIS; isobar contaminated |
Single Double | |||
| La | 14.2 m | 1.34E+06 | (1.0) | 1.34E+04 | 7 | EBPIS; isobar contaminated |
Single Double | |||
| La | 40.8 s | 1.14E+05 | (1.0) | 1.14E+03 | 7 | EBPIS; isobar contaminated |
Single Double | |||
| 1numbers in parentheses indicate an estimated charge exchange efficiency | ||||||||||
| 2Beam on target estimated to be 10% of that into the tandem for A<100 and 5% for A>100 assuming single stripping in the tandem. Double stripping reduces the beam intensity by a factor of 10 but should permit a more favorable initial charge state to be used. | ||||||||||
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This file last modified Monday July 25, 2005