Nuclear Astrophysics Bibliography

The following is a list of over 1200 references for a wide range of topics in Nuclear Astrophysics. This list is meant to be complementary to the nuclear physics articles listed in the Nuclear Science References at the National Nuclear Data Center and to the astrophysics articles listed in NASA's NASA's Astrophysics Data System. The references are arranged alphabetically within subtopics, and the list of subtopics borrows heavily from the Wallerstein et al. review article and from other sources. Some references occur under multiple subtopics. The references were obtained from a variety of sources including the following:

Synthesis of Elements in Stars: 40 years of Progress, by G. Wallerstein et al., 1997, Reviews of Modern Physics 69, 995;

Solar Fusion Cross Sections, E.G. Adelberger et al., 1998, Reviews of Modern Physics 70, 1265;

Big-bang nucleosynthesis enters the precision era, D.N. Schramm and M.S. Turner, 1998, Reviews of Modern Physics 70, 303;

Experimental, Computational, and Observational Analysis of Primordial Nucleosynthesis, M.S. Smith, L.H. Kawano, R.A. Malaney, 1993, Astrophys. J. Suppl. 85, 219; and

Nuclear Astrophysics at the Beginning of the Twenty First Century, R.N. Boyd, in press.

Additional references were obtained from

W.R. Hix, A. Mezzacappa, and P.D. Parker.

Additions to this list are welcome; please contact Michael Smith at msmith@mail.phy.ornl.gov with suggestions.

Nuclear Astrophysics Bibliography Topics

0. General Nuclear Astrophysics References

1. Big Bang Nucleosynthesis
1.A. Overview
1.B. Evolution of abundances and primary reactions
1.C. Nuclear reaction rates and uncertainties
1.C.1. Overview
1.C.2. Reaction rate formalism
1.C.3. Reaction rate uncertainties
1.C.4. Individual reaction rates and uncertainties
1.C.4.a. The p(n,gamma)d reaction
1.C.4.b. The d(p,gamma)³He reaction
1.C.4.c. The d(d,n)³He reaction
1.C.4.d. The (d,p)t reaction
1.C.4.e. The ³He(n,p)t reaction
1.C.4.f. The t(d,n)⁴He reaction
1.C.4.g. The ³He(d,p)⁴He reaction
1.C.4.h. The ³He(alpha,gamma)⁷Be reaction
1.C.4.i. The t(alpha,gamma)⁷Li reaction
1.C.4.j. The ⁷Be(n,p)⁷Li reaction
1.C.4.k. The ⁷Li(p,alpha)⁴He reaction
1.C.4.l. Neutron Decay Lifetime
1.C.5. Comparison of new and previous rates
1.D. Numerical analysis and results
1.E. Inferred primordial abundances
1.E.1. Overview
1.E.2. Primoridal deuterium
1.E.3. Primordial ³He
1.E.4. Primordial D + ³He
1.E.5. Primordial ⁴He
1.E.6. Primordial lithium
1.E.6.a. Lithium in Population II stars
1.E.6.b. Lithium in Population I stars
1.F. Comparison of observed and predicted primordial abundances

2. Neutrino Astrophysics
2.A. The Solar Neutrino Problem
2.B. Other Aspects of Neutrino Astrophysics

3. Stellar Evolution
3.A. Historical Overview
3.B. Evolution of single stars that become white dwarfs
3.B.1. Overview
3.B.2. Nucleosynthesis and dredge-up prior to the AGB phase
3.B.3. Nucleosynthesis and dredge-up during the AGB phase
3.B.4. The born-again AGB phase
3.B.5. Other mixing processes, and wind-mass loss, which affect surface composition
3.C. Evolution of massive single stars that produce neutron stars or black holes
3.D. Close binary star evolution
3.D.1. Modes of mass transfer and of orbital angular momentum loss
3.D.2. Scenario modeling
3.D.2.a. Cataclysmic variables and novae
3.D.2.b. White dwarf mergers: R CrB stars and type Ia supernovae
3.D.2.c. X-ray binaries and pulsars

4. Hydrogen Burning in the pp Chain and CN Cycle
4.A. The p(p,e⁺nu_e)d reaction
4.B. The ³He(³He,2p)⁴He reaction
4.C. The ³He(alpha,gamma)⁷Be reaction
4.D. The ⁷Be(p,gamma)⁸Be reaction
4.E. The ⁷Li(n,gamma)⁸Li reaction
4.F. The ¹⁴N(p,gamma)¹⁵O reaction
4.G. The ¹⁷O(p,alpha)¹⁴N reaction
4.H. The Hot CNO cycle

5. The x Process
5.A. Introduction and Retrospective
5.B. Abundances
5.B.1. Lithium
5.B.2. Beryllium
5.B.3. Boron
5.C. Nonlocal thermodynamic-equilibrium effects
5.D. Production mechanisms
5.D.1. Big Bang
5.D.2. Spallation
5.D.3. Asymptotic giant branch stars
5.D.4. Supernovae

6. Helium Burning
6.A. Triple-alpha capture
6.B. alpha+¹²C capture
6.B.1. E1 capture
6.B.1.a. Direct measurements
6.B.1.b. beta-delayed alpha spectrum from the decay of ¹⁶N
6.B.2. E2 capture
6.B.3. Other analyses and recommended values

7. H Burning in the NeSi Region: Laboratory Studies
7.A. Introduction
7.B. Experimental approaches
7.C. The neon-sodium cycle at low temperatures
7.C.1. Reaction rates
7.C.1.a. The ²⁰Ne(p,gamma)²¹Na reaction
7.C.1.b. The ²¹Ne(p,gamma)²³Na reaction
7.C.1.c. The ²²Na(p,gamma)²³Mg reaction
7.C.1.d. The ²²Ne(p,gamma)²³Na reaction
7.C.1.e. The ²³Na(p,gamma)²⁴Mg and ²³Na(p,alpha)²⁰Ne reactions
7.C.2. Network calculations
7.D. The magnesium-aluminum cycle at low temperatures
7.D.1. Reaction rates
7.D.1.a. The ²⁴Mg(p,gamma)²⁵Al reaction
7.D.1.b. The ²⁵Mg(p,gamma)²⁶Al reaction
7.D.1.c. The ²⁶Mg(p,gamma)²⁷Al reaction
7.D.1.d. The ²⁶Al(p,gamma)²⁷Si reaction
7.D.1.e. The ²⁷Al(p,gamma)²⁸Si reaction and ²⁷Al(p,alpha)²⁴Mg reaction
7.E. High-temperature behavior
7.E.1. Reaction rates
7.E.2. Network calculations

8. Observational Evidence of Hydrogen Burning
8.A. CN cycle and mixing
8.B. O depletion and the enhancement of Na and Al
8.C. Origin of the Na and Al enhancements

9. Carbon, Neon, Oxygen, and Silicon Burning
9.A. Introduction
9.B. Carbon burning
9.C. Neon burning
9.D. Oxygen burning
9.E. Silicon burning

10. s Process: Laboratory Studies and Stellar Models
10.A. The s process since B²FH
10.B. Laboratory experiments
10.B.1. Neutron capture cross sections
10.B.2. Stellar beta decay
10.C. The canonical s process
10.C.1. The sigma*N curve
10.C.2. Branchings

11. Observations of the s process
11.A. Brief history
11.B. Observations of nucleosynthesis and mixing in CH, Ba, S, and C stars
11.C. The s process as a function of metallicity
11.D. Rubidium and the s-process neutron density
11.E. Recent models: Radiative buring of ¹³C during the AGB interpulse phase

12. The r process
12.A. Introduction
12.B. A search for the astrophysical site
12.C. Early model results, from conflict to clarity
12.D. High-Entropy winds

13. Observations of the r process
13.A. Defining the r-process elements
13.B. Early r-process discoveries
13.C. Recent r-process surveys
13.D. Thorium and the age of the halo and disk
13.E. Filling out the picture

14. The p process
14.A. The p process
14.B. Early p-process models
14.C. The gamma process
14.D. The rp process
14.E. The nu process
14.F. Recent developments

15. The e process and the iron-group nuclei
15.A. Energetics and equilibria
15.B. Statistical equilibrium
15.C. A brief history of the ideas of iron-group element synthesis
15.D. Significance for astrophysics

16. Carbon Stars
16.A. Prologue
16.B. Carbon stars--An observer's view
16.B.1. What is a carbon-rich star?
16.B.2. What makes a carbon-rich star?
16.B.3. The principle types of carbon-rich stars
16.B.3.a. R-type carbon stars
16.B.3.b. N-type carbon stars
16.B.3.c. Barium and related stars

0. General Nuclear Astrophysics References

Arnett, D., 1996, Supernovae and Nucleosynthesis, (Princeton University, Princeton, NJ).

Audouze, Jean and Vauclair, Sylvie, An Introduction to Nuclear Astrophysics: The Formation and the Evolution of Matter in the Universe, (Dordrecht, Holland: D. Reidel Pub. Co., 1980).

Bahcall, J. N., 1989, Neutrino Astrophysics, (Cambridge University, Cambridge, UK).

Barnes, C. A., Clayton, Donald D., and Schramm, David N. (Eds.), 1982, Essays in Nuclear Astrophysics: Presented to William A. Fowler, on the Occasion of his Seventieth Birthday, (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge).

Burbidge, G. R., and E. M. Burbidge, 1957, Astrophys. J. 126, 357.

Burbidge, E. M., G. R. Burbidge, W. A. Fowler, and F. Hoyle, 1957, Rev. Mod. Phys. 29, 547.

Cameron, A. G. W., 1955, Astrophys. J. 121, 144.

Chamberlain, J. W., and L. H. Aller, 1951, Astrophys. J. 114, 52.

Clayton, D. D., 1983, Principles of Stellar Evolution and Nucleosynthesis, (University of Chicago Press, Chicago,IL).

Cline, D., Peccei, R., 1992, Trends in AstroParticle Physics, (World Scientific, Singapore).

Fowler, William A., 1967, Nuclear Astrophysics, (American Philosophical Society, Philadelphia).

Gorres, J., Mathews, G., Shore, S., and Wiescher, M. (Eds.), 1997, Nuclei in the Cosmos, Proceedings Fourth International Symposium on Nuclei in the Cosmos, Notre Dame, IN, 20-27 June 1996 (North Holland, Amsterdam).

Guidry, M. W., and Strayer, M. R. (Eds.), 1993, Nuclear Physics in the Universe, Proceedings First Symposium Nuclear Physics in the Universe, Oak Ridge, TN, 24-26 September 1992, (IOP Press, Bristol, UK).

Hoyle, F., 1946, Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 106, 343.

Kaeppeler, F., and Wisshak, K., 1993, Nuclei in the Cosmos, Proc. Second International Symposium Nuclear Astrophysics, Karlsruhe, Germany, 6-10 July, 1992, (Bristol, UK).

Kolb, E.W. and Peccei, R.D. (eds.), 1994, Particle and Nuclear Astrophysics and Cosmology in the Next Millennium: Proceedings of the Summer Study, Snowmass, Colorado: June 29-July 14, 1994.

Kolb, E. W., Turner, M. S., 1990, The Early Universe, (Addison-Wesley, New York).

Kurucz, R. L., 1996, in Astron. Soc. of the Pac. Conf. Series, Vol. 108, edited by S. Adelman, F. Kupka, and W. W. Weiss.

Lozano, Manuel, Gallardo, Maria I., and Arias, J.M. (Eds.), 1989, Nuclear Astrophysics: Proceedings of the Third International Summer School, Ls Rabida, Huelva, Spain, June 19-July 2, 1988, Berlin: Springer-Verlag, 1989.

Merrill, P. W., 1952, Astrophys. J. 116, 21.

Mezzacappa, A., 1998, Stellar Evolution, Stellar Explosions, and Galactic Chemical Evolution, Proceedings Second Oak Ridge Symposium on Atomic and Nuclear Astrophysics, Oak Ridge, TN, 2-6 Dec., 1997 (IOP, Bristol, UK).

H. Oberhummer, 1991, Nuclei in the Cosmos, (Springer Verlag, Berlin).

Pagel, B. E. J., 1997, Nucleosynthesis and Chemical Evolution of Galaxies, (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, England).

Pontecorvo, B., 1946, Chalk River Report PD-205 (unpublished).

Rogers, F. J., and C. A. Iglesias, 1992, Astrophys. J. Suppl. Ser. 79, 507.

Rolfs, Claus E. and Rodney, William S., 1988, Cauldrons in the Cosmos: Nuclear Astrophysics, (University of Chicago Press, Chicago, IL).

Salpeter, E. E., 1952, Astrophys. J. 115, 326.

Schramm, David N. and Arnett, William David (Eds.), 1973, Explosive Nucleosynthesis: Proceedings,(University of Texas Press, Austin).

Schramm, David N., 1996, The Big Bang and Other Explosions in Nuclear and Particle Astrophysics, World Scientific, 1996.

Suess, H. E., and H. C. Urey, 1957, Rev. Mod. Phys. 28, 53.

Thompson, W. J., Carney, B. W., and Karwowski, H. J. (Eds.), 1990, Workshop on Primordial Nucleosynthesis, Chapel Hill, NC, 6-8 October, 1989, (World Scientific, Singapore).

Trimble, V., 1975, Rev. Mod. Phys. 47, 877.

Trimble, V., 1991, Astron. Astrophys. Rev. 3, 1.

Trimble, V., 1995, in Cosmic Abundances, edited by S. E. Holt and G. Sonneborn, Astron. Soc. of the Pac. Conference Series, 99.

Wheeler, J. C., C. Sneden, and J. W. Truran Jr., 1989, Annu. Rev. Astron. Astrophys. 27, 279.

1. Big Bang Nucleosynthesis

1.A. Overview

Krauss, L. M., and Romanelli, P., 1990, Ap. J. 358, 47.

Walker, T. P., Steigman, G., Schramm, D. N., Olive, K. A., and Kang, H.-S., 1991, Ap. J. 376, 51.

1.B. Evolution of abundances and primary reactions

Esmailzadeh, R., Starkman, G. D., and Dimopoulos, S., 1991, Ap. J. 378, 504.

Kolb, E. W., and Turner, M. S., 1990, The Early Universe (New York: Addison-Wesley).

Krauss, L. M., and Romanelli, P., 1990, Ap. J. 358, 47.

Riley, S. P., and Irvine, J. M., 1991, J. Phys. G17, 35.

Weinberg, S., 1972, Gravitation and Cosmology, (New York: John Wiley & Sons).

1.C. Nuclear reaction rates and uncertainties

1.C.1. Introduction

Beaudet, G., and Reeves, H., 1984, Astr. Ap. 134, 240.

Caughlan, G. R., and Fowler, W. A., 1988, Atomic Data and Nucl. Data Tables 40, 291.

Clayton, D. D., 1983, Principles of Stellar Evolution and Nucleosynthesis (Chicago: Univ. of Chicago Press).

Delbourgo-Salvador, P., Gry, C., Malinie, G., and Audouze, J., 1985, Astr. Ap. 150, 53.

Fowler, W. A., Caughlan, G. R., and Zimmerman, B. A., 1967, Ann. Rev. Astr. Ap. 5, 525.

Fowler, W. A., Caughlan, G. R., and Zimmerman, B. A., 1975, Ann. Rev. Astr. Ap. 13, 69.

Harris, M. J., Fowler, W. A., Caughlan, G. R., and Zimmerman, B. A., 1983, Ann. Rev. Astr. Ap. 21, 165.

Krauss, L. M., and Romanelli, P., 1990, Ap. J. 358, 47.

Riley, S. P., and Irvine, J. M., 1991, J. Phys. G17, 35.

Rolfs, C., and Rodney, W. S., 1988, Cauldrons in the Cosmos (Chicago: Univ. of Chicago).

Walker, T. P., Steigman, G., Schramm, D. N., Olive, K. A., and Kang, H.-S., 1991, Ap. J. 376, 51.

Yang, J., Turner, M. S., Steigman, G., Schramm, D. N., and Olive, K. A., 1984, Ap. J. 281, 493.

1.C.2. Reaction rate formalism

Caughlan, G. R., and Fowler, W. A., 1988, Atomic Data and Nucl. Data Tables 40, 291.

Fowler, W. A., Caughlan, G. R., and Zimmerman, B. A., 1967, Ann. Rev. Astr. Ap. 5, 525.

Fowler, W. A., Caughlan, G. R., and Zimmerman, B. A., 1975, Ann. Rev. Astr. Ap. 13, 69.

Kajino, T., Toki, H., and Austin, S. M., 1987, Ap. J. 319, 531.

Krauss, A., Becker, H. W., Trautvetter, H. P., Rolfs, C., and Brand, K., 1987, Nucl. Phys. A465, 150.

Wagoner, R. V., 1969, Ap. J. Suppl. 18, 247.

1.C.3. Reaction rate uncertainties

Smith, M.S., Kawano, L.H., Malaney, R.A., 1993, Astrophys. J. Suppl. 85, 219.

1.C.4. Individual reaction rates and uncertainties

1.C.4.a. The p(n,gamma)d reaction

Bethe, H. A., and Morrison, P., 1956, Elementary Nuclear Theory (New York: Wiley), 2^nd ed., p. 75.

Bosman, M., Bol, A., Gilot, J. F., Leleux, P., Lipnik, P., and Macq, P., 1979, Phys. Lett. 82B, 212.

Evans, R. D., 1955, The Atomic Nucleus (New York: McGraw Hill).

Fowler, W. A., Caughlan, G. R., and Zimmerman, B. A., 1967, Ann. Rev. Astr. Ap. 5, 525.

Hale, G. M., Dodder, D. C., Siciliano, E. R., and Wilson, W. B., 1991, ENDF/B-VI Evaluation, Material 125, Revision 1.

Horsley, A.,1966, Nuc. Data A2, 243.

Howerton, R. J., 1959, Univ. California Radiation Lab. Rep. No. 5226 (Berkeley, CA: Univ. California).

Hughes, D. J., and Schwartz, R. B., 1958, Brookhaven Natl. Lab. Rept. BNL 325, 2^nd ed.

Mughabghab, S. F., Divadeenam, M., and Holden, N.E., 1981, Neutron Cross Sections, Vol. 1, Neutron Resonance Parameters and Thermal Cross Sections, Part A, Z=1-60 (New York: Academic Press).

Nagai, Y., et al., 1998, Proc. Int. Symp. Origin of Matter and Evolution of Galaxies 97, eds. S. Kubono, T. Kajino, K. I. Nomoto, I. Tanihata, (Singapore: World Scientific), p. 69.

1.C.4.b. The d(p,gamma)³He reaction

Bailey, G. M., Griffiths, G. M., Olivo, M. A., and Helmer, R. L., 1970, Can. J. Phys. 48, 3059.

Caughlan, G. R., and Fowler, W. A., 1988, Atomic Data and Nucl. Data Tables 40, 291.

Fowler, W. A., Caughlan, G. R., and Zimmerman, B. A., 1967, Ann. Rev. Astr. Ap. 5, 525.

Fowler, W. A., Caughlan, G. R., and Zimmerman, B. A., 1975, Ann. Rev. Astr. Ap. 13, 69.

Griffiths, G. M., Larson, E. A., and Robertson, L. P., 1962, Can. J. Phys. 40, 402.

Griffiths, G. M., Lal, M., and Scarfe, C. D., 1963, Can. J. Phys. 41, 724.

Harris, M. J., Fowler, W. A., Caughlan, G. R., and Zimmerman, B. A., 1983, Ann. Rev. Astr. Ap. 21, 165.

1.C.4.c. The d(d,n)³He reaction

Arnold, W. R., Phillips, J. A., Sawyer, G. A., Stovall, E. J. Jr., and Tuck, J. L., 1954, Phys. Rev. 93, 483.

Brown, R. E., and Jarmie, N., 1990, Phys. Rev. C41, 1391.

Caughlan, G. R., and Fowler, W. A., 1988, Atomic Data and Nucl. Data Tables 40, 291.

Fowler, W. A., Caughlan, G. R., and Zimmerman, B. A., 1975, Ann. Rev. Astr. Ap. 13, 69.

Ganeev, A. S., Govorov, A. M., Osetinskii, G. M., Rakivnenko, A. N., Sizov, I. V., and Siksin, V. S., 1957, Atomnaya Energiya Supp. 5, 21.

Krauss, A., Becker, H. W., Trautvetter, H. P., Rolfs, C., and Brand, K., 1987, Nucl. Phys. A465, 150.

1.C.4.d. The (d,p)t reaction

Arnold, W. R., Phillips, J. A., Sawyer, G. A., Stovall, E. J. Jr., and Tuck, J. L., 1954, Phys. Rev. 93, 483.

Booth, D. L., Preston, G. R., and Shaw, P. F. D., 1956, Proc. Phys. Soc. London A69, 265.

Brown, R. E., and Jarmie, N., 1990, Phys. Rev. C41, 1391.

Caughlan, G. R., and Fowler, W. A., 1988, Atomic Data and Nucl. Data Tables 40, 291.

Fowler, W. A., Caughlan, G. R., and Zimmerman, B. A., 1975, Ann. Rev. Astr. Ap. 13, 69.

Ganeev, A. S., Govorov, A. M., Osetinskii, G. M., Rakivnenko, A. N., Sizov, I. V., and Siksin, V. S., 1957, Atomnaya Energiya Supp. 5, 21.

Krauss, A., Becker, H. W., Trautvetter, H. P., Rolfs, C., and Brand, K., 1987, Nucl. Phys. A465, 150.

McNeill, K. G., and Keyser, G. M., 1951, Phys. Rev. 81, 602.

Preston, G., Shaw, P. F. D., and Young, S. A., 1954, Proc. Roy. Soc. A226, 206.

1.C.4.e. The ³He(n,p)t reaction

Alfimenkov, V. P., et al., 1980, JINR, R3-80-394, Dubna.

Batchelor, R., Aves, R., and Skyrme, T. H. R., 1955, Rev. Sci. Inst. 26, 1037.

Borzakov, S. B., Malecki, H., Pikel'ner, L. B., Stempinski, M., and Sharapov, E. I., 1982, Sov. J. Nucl. Phys. 35, 307.

Caughlan, G. R., and Fowler, W. A., 1988, Atomic Data and Nucl. Data Tables 40, 291.

Coon, J. H., 1950, Phys. Rev. 80, 488.

Costello, D. G., Friesenhahn, S. J., and Lopez, W. M., 1970, Nucl. Sci. Engr. 39, 409.

Fowler, W. A., Caughlan, G. R., and Zimmerman, B. A., 1975, Ann. Rev. Astr. Ap. 13, 69.

Gibbons, J. H., and Macklin, R. L., 1959, Phys. Rev. 114, 571.

Macklin, R. L., and Gibbons, J. H., 1965, EANDC-50-S, Vol. 1, Paper 13.

1.C.4.f. The t(d,n)⁴He reaction

Ajzenberg-Selove, F., 1988, Nucl. Phys. A490, 1.

Argo, H. V., Taschek, R. F., Agnew, H. M., Hemmendinger, A., and Lelend, W. T., 1952, Phys. Rev. 87, 612.

Arnold, W. R., Phillips, J. A., Sawyer, G. A., Stovall, E. J. Jr., and Tuck, J. L., 1954, Phys. Rev. 93, 483.

Bretscher, E., and French, A. P., 1949, Phys. Rev. 75, 1154.

Brown, R. E., Jarmie, N., and Hale, G. M., 1987, Phys. Rev. C35, 1999.

Conner, J. P., Bonner, T. W., and Smith, J. R., 1952, Phys. Rev. 88, 468.

Davidenko, V. A., Pogrebov, I. S., and Saukov, A. I., 1957, J. Nucl. Eng. 2, 258.

Jarmie, N., Brown, R. E., and Hardekopf, R. A., 1984, Phys. Rev. C29, 2031.

Jarvis, R. G., and Roaf, D., 1953, Proc. Roy. Soc. London A218, 432.

Langanke, K., and Rolfs, C., 1989, Mod. Phys. Lett. A4, 2101.

Liskien, H., and Paulsen, A., 1973, Nucl. Data Tables 11, 569.

1.C.4.g. The ³He(d,p)⁴He reaction

Ajzenberg-Selove, F., 1988, Nucl. Phys. A490, 1.

Arnold, W. R., Phillips, J. A., Sawyer, G. A., Stovall, E. J. Jr., and Tuck, J. L., 1954, Phys. Rev. 93, 483.

Assenbaum, H. J., Langanke, K., and Rolfs, C., 1987, Z. Phys. A327, 461.

Bluge, G., and Langanke, K., 1990, Phys. Rev. C41, 1191.

Bluge, G., Langanke, K., Reusch, H. G., and Rolfs, C., 1989, Z. Phys. A333, 219.

Engstler, S., Krauss, A., Langanke, K., Neldner, K., Rolfs, C., Schroder, U., and Somorjai, E., 1989, ATOMKI 1988 Ann. Rept., p. 39.

Engstler, S., Krauss, A., Neldner, Rolfs, C., Schroder, U., and Langanke, K., 1988, Phys. Lett. 202B, 179.

Jarmie, N., Brown, R. E., and Hardekopf, R. A., 1984, Phys. Rev. C29, 2031.

Krauss, A., Becker, H. W., Trautvetter, H. P., Rolfs, C., and Brand, K., 1987, Nucl. Phys. A465, 150.

Moller, W., and Besenbacher, F., 1980, Nucl. Inst. Meth. 168, 111.

Schroder, U., Engstler, S., Krauss, A., Neldner, K., Rolfs, C., Somorjai, E., and Langanke, K., 1989, Nucl. Inst. Meth. B40/41, 466.

Zhichang, L., Jingang, Y., and Xunliang, D., 1977, Chin. J. Sci. Technique Atomic Energy 3, 229.

1.C.4.h. The ³He(alpha,gamma)⁷Be reaction

Alexander, T. K., Ball, G. C., Lennard, W. N., Geissel, H., and Mak, H.-B., 1984, Nucl. Phys. A427, 526.

Caughlan, G. R., and Fowler, W. A., 1988, Atomic Data and Nucl. Data Tables 40, 291.

Christy, R. F., and Duck, I., 1961, Nucl. Phys. 24, 89.

Fowler, W. A., Caughlan, G. R., and Zimmerman, B. A., 1975, Ann. Rev. Astr. Ap. 13, 69.

Fowler, W. A., Caughlan, G. R., and Zimmerman, B. A., 1967, Ann. Rev. Astr. Ap. 5, 525.

Harris, M. J., Fowler, W. A., Caughlan, G. R., and Zimmerman, B. A., 1983, Ann. Rev. Astr. Ap. 21, 165.

Hilgemeier, M., Becker, H. W., Rolfs, C., Trautvetter, H. P., and Hammer, J. W., 1988, Z. Phys. A329, 243.

Kajino, T., Toki, H., and Austin, S. M., 1987, Ap. J. 319, 531.

Krawinkel, H., et al., 1982, Z. Phys. A304, 307.

Nagatani, K., Dwarakanath, M. R., and Ashery, D., 1969, Nucl. Phys. A128, 325.

Osborne, J. L., Barnes, C. A., Kavanagh, R. W., Kremer, R. M., Mathews, G. J., Zyskind, J. L., Parker, P. D., and Howard, A. J., 1982, Phys. Rev. Lett. 48, 1664; 1984, Nucl. Phys. A419, 115.

Parker, P. D., and Kavanagh, R. W., 1963, Phys. Rev. 131, 2578.

Robertson, R. G. H., Dyer, P., Bowles, T.J., Brown, R. E., Jarmie, N., Maggiore, C. J., and Austin, S.M., 1983, Phys. Rev. C27, 11.

Volk, H., Krawinkel, H., Santo, R., and Wallek, L., 1983, Z. Phys. A310, 91.

Williams, R. D., and Koonin, S. E., 1981, Phys. Rev. C23, 2773.

1.C.4.i. The t(alpha,gamma)⁷Li reaction

Altmeyer, T., Kolbe, E., Warmann, T., Langanke, K., and Assenbaum, H. J., 1988, Z. Phys. A340, 105.

Baur, G., Bertulani, C. A., and Rebel, H., 1986, Nucl. Phys. A458, 188.

Brune, C., Kavanagh, R. W., and Rolfs, C. R., 1992, private communication.

Burzynski, S., Czerski, K., Marcinkowski, A., and Zupranski, P., 1987, Nucl. Phys. A473, 179.

Caughlan, G. R., and Fowler, W. A., 1988, Atomic Data and Nucl. Data Tables 40, 291.

Feldman, G., Balbes, M. J., Kramer, L. H., Williams, J. Z., Weller, H. R., and Tilley, D. R., 1990, Phys. Rev. C42, R1167.

Fowler, W. A., Caughlan, G. R., and Zimmerman, B. A., 1975, Ann. Rev. Astr. Ap. 13, 69.

Fowler, W. A., Caughlan, G. R., and Zimmerman, B. A., 1967, Ann. Rev. Astr. Ap. 5, 525.

Gazes, S. B. Mason, J. E., Roberts, R. B., and Teichmann, S. G., 1992, Phys. Rev. Lett. 68, 150.

Griffiths, G. M., Morrow, R. A., Riley, P. J., and Warren, J. B., 1961, Can. J. Phys. 39, 1397.

Hill, J. C., Wohn, F. K., Schwellenbach, D. D., and Smith, A. R., 1991, Phys. Lett. B273, 371.

Kajino, T., 1986, Nucl. Phys. A460, 559.

Kajino, T., and Arima, A., 1984, Phys. Rev. Lett. 52, 739.

Kajino, T., Mathews, G. J., and Ikeda, K., 1989, Phys. Rev. C40, 525.

Kajino, T., Toki, H., and Austin, S. M., 1987, Ap. J. 319, 531.

Langanke, K., 1986, Nucl. Phys. A457, 351.

Mason, J. E., Gazes, S. B., Roberts, R. B., and Teichmann, S. G., 1992, University of Rochester Nuclear Structure Research Lab NSRL-378, preprint.

Mertelmeier, T., and Hofmann, H. M.,1986, Nucl. Phys. A459, 387.

Perry, J. E., and Bame, S. J., 1955, Phys. Rev. 99, 1368.

Rolfs, C., 1992, private communication.

Schroder, U., Redder, A., Rolfs, C., Azuma, R. E., Buchmann, L., Campbell, C., King, J. D., and Donoghue, T. R., 1987, Phys. Lett. 142B, 55.

Utsunomiya, H., et al., 1990, Phys. Rev. Lett. 65, 847.

1.C.4.j. The ⁷Be(n,p)⁷Li reaction

Andrzejewski, J., Gledenov, Yu. M., Popov, Yu. P., Salatski, V. I., and Pshenichnyj, V. A., 1991, Z. Phys. A340, 105.

Bahcall, N. A., and Fowler, W. A., 1969, Ap. J. 157, 659.

Brugger, R. M., 1957, Philips Petroleum Co., IDO Report No. 16373, 49.

Cervena, J., Havranek, V., Hnatowicz, V., Kvitek, J., Mastalka, A., and Vacik, J., 1989, Czech. J. Phys. B39, 1263.

Fowler, W. A., Caughlan, G. R., and Zimmerman, B. A., 1975, Ann. Rev. Astr. Ap. 13, 69.

Gibbons, J. H., and Macklin, R. L., 1959, Phys. Rev. 114, 571.

Gledenov, Yu. M., et al., 1986, JINR Rapid Comm. 17-86, 36.

Hanna, R. C., 1955, Philos. Mag. 46, 381.

Kim, H. J., Milner, W. T., and McGowan, F. K., 1966, Nuc. Data Tables A1, 203.

Koehler, P. E., et al., 1988, Phys. Rev. C37, 915.

Macklin, R. L., and Gibbons, J. H., 1958, Phys. Rev. 109, 105.

1.C.4.k. The ⁷Li(p,alpha)⁴He reaction

Ajzenberg-Selove, F., 1988, Nucl. Phys. A490, 1.

Caughlan, G. R., and Fowler, W. A., 1988, Atomic Data and Nucl. Data Tables 40, 291.

Harmon, J. F., 1989, Nucl. Inst. Meth. B40/41, 507.

Rolfs, C., and Kavanagh, R. W., 1986, Nucl. Phys. A455, 179.

Spinka, H., Tombrello, T., and Winkler, H., 1971, Nucl. Phys. A164, 1.

1.C.4.l. Neutron Decay Lifetime

Ageron, P., Mampe, W., Bates, J. C., and Pendlebury, J. M., 1986, Nucl. Inst. Meth. A249, 261.

Alfimenkov, V. P., et al., 1990, JETP Lett. 52, 373.

Anton, F., Paul, W., Mampe, W., Paul, L., and Paul, S., 1989, Nucl. Inst. Meth. A284, 101.

Bondarenko, L. N., 1982, KIAE 3666/2, Moscow, preprint.

Bondarenko, L. N., Kurguzov, V. V., Prokof'ev, Yu. A., Rogov, E. V., and Spivak, P. E., 1978, JETP Lett. 28, 303.

Byrne, J., 1982, Rep. Prog. Phys. 45, 115.

Byrne, J., et al., 1980, Phys. Lett. 92B, 274.

Byrne, J., et al., 1990, Phys. Rev. Lett. 65, 289.

Christensen, C. J., Nielsen, A., Bahasen, A., Brown, W. K., and Rustad, B. M., 1967, Phys. Lett. B26, 11.

Christensen, C. J., Nielsen, A., Bahasen, A., Brown, W. K., and Rustad, B. M., 1972, Phys. Rev. D5, 1628.

D'Angelo, N., 1959, Phys. Rev. 114, 285.

Dohner, J., Abele, H., Reichert, I., Borel, H., Dubbers, D., Freedman, S. J., and Last, J., 1989, Nucl. Inst. Meth. A284, 123.

Dubbers, D., 1991, Prog. Part. Nucl. Phys. 26, 173.

Freedman, S., 1990, Comm. Nucl. Part. Phys. 19, 209.

Hikasa, K., et al., 1992, Phys. Rev. D45, S1.

Kharitonov, A. G., et al., 1989, Nucl. Inst. Meth. A284, 98.

Kossakowski, R., Liaud, P., Azuelos, G., Grivot, P., and Schreckenbach, K., 1989, Nucl. Phys. A503, 473.

Kosvintsev, Yu. Yu., Kushnir, Yu. A., Morozov, V. I., and Terekhov, G. I., 1980, JETP Lett. 31, 236.

Kosvintsev, Yu. Yu., Morozov, V. I., and Terekhov, G. I., 1986, JETP Lett. 44, 571.

Kosvintsev, Yu. Yu., Morozov, V. I., Terekhov, G. I., Panin, Yu. N., Rogov, E. V., and Fomin, A. I., 1987, Proc. 1st Int. Conf. on Neutron Physics, 14-18 September 1987, (Kiev), Vol. 1, p. 231.

Krauss, L. M., and Romanelli, P., 1990, Ap. J. 358, 47.

Kugler, K.-J., Paul, W., and Trinks, U., 1978, Phys. Lett. B72, 422.

Last, J., Arnold, J., Dohner, J., Dubbers, D., and Freedman, S.J., 1988, Phys. Rev. Lett. 60, 995.

Macklin, R. L., and Gibbons, J. H., 1958, Phys. Rev. 109, 105.

Mampe, W., Ageron, P., Bates, C., Pendlebury, J. M., and Steyerl, A., 1989, Nucl. Inst. Meth. A284, 111; 1989, Phys. Rev. Lett. 63, 593.

Olive, K. A., Schramm, D. N., Steigman, G., Turner, M. S., and Yang, J., 1981, Ap. J. 246, 557.

Paul, W., and Trinks, U., 1978, Fundamental Physics with Reactor Neutrons and Neutrinos, Inst. Phys. Conf. Ser. No. 42, ed. T. von Egidy, (Bristol: The Institute of Physics), p. 18; 1978, La Recherche 9, 1008.

Paul, W., Anton, F., Paul, L., Paul, S., and Mampe, W., 1989, Z. Phys. C45, 25.

Robson, J. M., 1951, Phys. Rev. 83, 349.

Robson, J. M., 1950a, Phys. Rev. 77, 747.

Robson, J. M., 1950b, Phys. Rev. 78, 311.

Schramm, D. N., and Kawano, L., 1989, Nucl. Inst. Meth. A284, 84.

Schreckenbach, K., Azuelos, G., Grivot, P., Kossakowski, R., and Liaud, P., 1989, Nucl. Inst. Meth. A284, 120.

Snell, A. H., and Miller, L. C., 1948, Phys. Rev. 74, 1217.

Snell, A. H., Pleasanton, F., and McCord, R. V., 1950, Phys. Rev. 78, 310.

Sosnovski, A. N., Spivak, P. E., Prokof'ev, Yu. A., Kutikov, I. E., and Dobrinin, Yu. P., 1959, Nucl. Phys. 10, 395.

Spivak, P. E., 1988, Sov. Phys. JETP 67, 1735.

Spivak, P. E., Sosnovski, A. N., Prokof'ev, Yu. A., and Sukolov, V. S., 1956, Proc. Int. Conf. on Peaceful Uses of Atomic Energy, Geneva, 1955, (New York: United Nations), Vol. 2, p. 33.

1.C.5. Comparison of new and previous rates

Caughlan, G. R., and Fowler, W. A., 1988, Atomic Data and Nucl. Data Tables 40, 291.

1.D. Numerical analysis and results

Caughlan, G. R., and Fowler, W. A., 1988, Atomic Data and Nucl. Data Tables 40, 291.

Dicus, D. A., Kolb, E. W., Gleeson, A. M., Sudarshan, E. C. G., Teplitz, V. L., and Turner, M. S., 1982, Phys. Rev. D26, 2694.

Kawano, L. H., 1992, Caltech Kellogg Radiation Lab OAP-714, preprint; FERMILAB-PUB-92/04-A, preprint.

Krauss, L. M., 1991, Yale University YCTP-P4-91, preprint.

Krauss, L. M., and Romanelli, P., 1990, Ap. J. 358, 47.

1.E. Inferred primordial abundances

1.E.1. Overview

1.E.2. Primoridal deuterium

Audouze, J., 1987, in Observational Cosmology, IAU Symp. 124, ed. A. Hewitt, G. Burbidge and L.-z. Fang (Reidel: Dordrecht), p. 89.

Beer, R., Farmer, C.B., Morton, R. H., Martonchik, J. V., and Barnes, T. G., 1972, Science 175, 1360.

Boesgaard, A. M. and Steigman, G., 1985 Ann. Rev. Astron. Astrophys. 23, 319.

Delbourgo-Salvador, P., Gry, C., Malinie, G., and Audouze, J., 1985, Astr. Ap. 150, 53.

Epstein, R. I., Lattimer, J. M. and Schramm, D. N., 1976, Nature 263, 198.

Jefferts, K. B., Penzias, A. A., and Wilson, R. W., 1973, Ap. J. Lett. 179, L57.

Larson, R. B., 1986, Mon. Not. R. Astr. Soc. 218, 409.

Ozernoi, L. M. and Chernomordik, V. V., 1976, Sov. Astron. 19, 693.

Pagel, B. E. J., 1982, Phil. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. A307, 19.

Pagel, B. E. J., 1986, in Inner Space/Outer Space, ed. E.W. Kolb, M. S. Turner, D. Lindley, K. Olive and D. Seckel (Chicago: Univ. of Chicago Press), p. 72.

Pagel, B. E. J., 1987, in A Unified View of the Macro and Micro Cosmos, ed. A. De Rujula, D. V. Nanopoulos, and P. A. Shaver, (World Scientific: Singapore), p. 399.

Pasachoff, J. M. and Vidal-Madjar, A., 1989, Comm. Astrophys. 14, 61.

Rogerson, J. B. and York, D. G., 1973, Ap. J. Lett. 186, L95.

Spitzer, L., Drake, J. F., Jenkins, E. B., Morton, D. C., Rogerson, J. B., and York, D. G., 1973, Ap. J. Lett. 181, L116.

Webb, J. K., Carswell, R. F., Irwin, M. J. and Penston, M. V., 1991, Royal Greenwich Observatory (RGO) 91-0045, preprint.

1.E.3. Primordial ³He

Bania, T. M., Rood, R. T. and Wilson, T. L., 1987, Ap. J. 323, 30.

Rood, R. T., Bania, T. M. and Wilson, T. L., 1984, Ap. J. 280, 629.

Schatzman, E., 1987, Astr. Ap. 172, 1.

1.E.4. Primordial D + ³He

Black, D. C., 1971, Nature Phys. Sci 231, 1480.

Dearborn, D. S. P. , Schramm, D. N. and Steigman. G., 1986, Ap. J. 302, 35.

Delbourgo-Salvador, P., Gry, C., Malinie, G., and Audouze, J., 1985, Astr. Ap. 150, 53.

Geiss, J. and Reeves, H., 1972, Astr. Ap. 18, 126.

Pagel, B. E. J., 1987, in A Unified View of the Macro and Micro Cosmos, ed. A. De Rujula, D. V. Nanopoulos, and P. A. Shaver, (World Scientific: Singapore), p. 39

Walker, T. P., Steigman, G., Schramm, D. N., Olive, K. A., and Kang, H.-S., 1991, Ap. J. 376, 51.

Yang, J., Turner, M. S., Steigman, G., Schramm, D. N., and Olive, K. A., 1984, Ap. J. 281, 493.

1.E.5. Primordial ⁴He

Bond, J. R., Arnett, W. D. and Carr, B., 1984, Ap. J. 280, 825.

Davidson, K. and Kinman, T. D., 1985, Ap. J. Supp. 58, 321.

Fuller, G. M., Boyd, R. N., and Kalen, J. D., 1991, Ap. J. Lett. 371, L11.

Pagel, B. E. J., 1987, in A Unified View of the Macro and Micro Cosmos, ed. A. De Rujula, D. V. Nanopoulos, and P. A. Shaver, (World Scientific: Singapore), p. 39

Pagel, B. E. J., 1991, Phys. Scripta T36, 7.

Pagel, B. E. J., Terlevich, R. J. and Melnick, J. 1986, P. A. S. P. 98, 1005.

Steigman, G., Gallagher, J. and Schramm, D. N., 1989, Comm. Astrophys. 14, 97.

Walker, T. P., Steigman, G., Schramm, D. N., Olive, K. A., and Kang, H.-S., 1991, Ap. J. 376, 51.

1.E.6. Primordial lithium

1.E.6.a. Lithium in Population II stars

Beers, T. C., Deliyannis, C. P., and Ryan, S., 1993, in preparation.

Beers, T. C., Preston, G. W., and Shectman, S. A., 1993, Ast. J., in press.

Chaboyer et al., 1992, Ap. J. 388, 372.

D'Antona, F., 1991, Osservatorio Astronomicico Di Roma OAR/91/7, preprint; in The Problems of Lithium, Ed. F. D'Antona, Mem. S. A. It., in press.

D'Antona, F. and Mazzitelli, I., 1984, Astr. Ap. 138, 431.

Deliyannis, C. P., 1990, Ph.D Thesis, Yale University.

Deliyannis, C. P. and Demarque, P., 1991a, Ap. J. Lett. 370, L89.

Deliyannis, C. P. and Demarque, P., 1991b, Ap. J. 379, 216.

Deliyannis, C. P., Demarque, P. and Kawaler, S. D., 1990, Ap. J. Supp. 73, 21.

Hobbs, L. M. and Duncan, D. K., 1987, Ap. J. 317, 796.

Hobbs, L. M., Welty, D. E., and Thorburn, J. A., 1991, Ap. J. Lett. 373, L47.

Molaro, P., 1992, Mem. Soc. Astron. Ital. 62, 17.

Proffitt, C. R., and Michaud, G., 1991, Ap. J. 371, 584.

Rebolo, R., Beckman, J. E. and Molaro, P., 1988, Astr. Ap. 192, 192.

Spite, M. and Spite, F., 1982, Astr. Ap. 115, 357.

Spite, M., Maillard, J. P. and Spite, F., 1982, Astr. Ap. 141, 56.

Thorburn, J. A., 1992, Ap. J. 399, L83.

Walker, T. P., Steigman, G., Schramm, D. N., Olive, K. A., and Kang, H.-S., 1991, Ap. J. 376, 51.

1.E.6.b. Lithium in Population I stars

Boesgaard, A. M. and Budge, K. G., 1988, Ap. J. 332, 410.

Boesgaard, A. M. and Tripicco, M. J., 1986, Ap. J. Lett. 302, L49.

Charbonel, C., 1991, in The Problems of Lithium, Ed. F. D'Antona, Mem. S. A. It., in press.

Charbonneau, P. and Michaud, G., 1991, Ap. J. 334, 746.

D'Antona, F., and Matteucci, F., 1991, A&A 248, 62.

D'Antona, F. and Mazzitelli, I., 1984, Astr. Ap. 138, 431.

Deliyannis, C. P., 1990, Ph.D Thesis, Yale University.

Deliyannis, C. P. and Pinsonneault, M. H., 1993, Ap. J., submitted.

Lopez, R. J. G., and Spruit, H. C., 1991, Ap. J. 377, 268.

Mathews, G. J., Alcock, C. R. and Fuller, G. M., 1990, Ap. J. 349, 449.

Michaud, G. 1986, Ap. J. 302, 650.

Pinsonneault, M. H., Deliyannis, C. P. and Demarque, P., 1992, Ap. J. Supp. 78, in press.

Pinsonneault, M. H., Kawaler, S. D. and Demarque, P., 1990, Ap. J. Supp. 74, 501.

Pinsonneault, M. H., Kawaler, S. D., Sofia, S. and Demarque, P., 1989, Ap. J. 338, 424.

Proffitt, C. R., and Michaud, G., 1989, Ap. J. 346, 976.

Schatzman, E., 1991, in The Problems of Lithium, Ed. F. D'Antona, Mem. S. A. It., in press.

Schramm, D. N., Steigman, G. and Dearborn, D. S. P., 1990, Ap. J. Lett. 359, L55.

Swenson, F. J., Stringfellow, G. S. and Faulkner, J., 1990, Ap. J. Lett. 348, L33.

VandenBerg, D. A. and Poll, H. E., 1989, Astron. J. 98, 1451.

Vauclair, S., 1988, Ap. J. 335, 971.

1.F. Comparison of observed and predicted primordial abundances

Boyd, R. N., and Kajino, T., 1989, Ap. J. Lett. 336, L55.

De Amici, G., Bersanelli, M., Kogut, A., Levin, S., Limon, M., and Smoot, G. F., 1991, Ap. J. 381, 341.

Duncan, D., Lambert, D., and Lemke, D., 1992, Ap. J., submitted.

Fuller, G. M., Boyd, R. N., and Kalen, J. D., 1991, Ap. J. Lett. 371, L11.

Gilmore, G., Edvardson, B., and Nissen, P., 1991, Ap. J. 378, 17.

Gilmore, G., Gustafson, B., Edvardson, B., and Nissen, P. E., 1992, Nature, submitted.

Gush, H. P., Halpern, M., and Wishnow, E. H., 1990, Phys. Rev. Lett. 65, 537.

Hughes, J. P., 1989, Ap. J. 337, 21.

Kaiser, M. E., and Wright, E. L., 1990, IAU Symp. 139, 390.

Kaiser, N., Efstathiou, G., Ellis, R., Frenk, C., Lawrence A., Rowan-Robinson, M., and Saunders, W., 1991, Mon. Not. R. Astr. Soc. 252, 1.

Kogut, A., Bensadoun, M., De Amici, G., Levin, S., Smoot, G. F., and Witebsky, C., 1990, Ap. J. 355, 102.

Malaney, R. A., 1992, Canadian Institute for Theoretical Astrophysics CITA/92/5, preprint.

Malaney, R. A., and Fowler, W. A., 1989, Ap. J. Lett. 345, L5.

Malaney, R. A., and Mathews, G. J., 1993, Phys. Reports, in press.

Mather, J. C., et al., 1990, Ap. J. Lett. 354, L37.

Meyer, D. M., Roth, K. C., and Hawkins, I., 1990, IAU Symp. 139, 392.

Pagel, B. E. J., 1990, in Baryonic Dark Matter, ed. D. Lynden-Bell and G. Gilmore (Kluwer: Netherlands) p. 237.

Palazzi, E., Mandolesi, N., Crane, P., Kutner, M. L., Blades, J. C., and Hegyi, D. J., 1990, Ap. J. 357, 14.

Pinsonneault, M. H., Deliyannis, C. P. and Demarque, P., 1992, Ap. J. Supp. 78, in press.

Ryan, S., et al., 1992, Ap. J. 388, 184.

Sandage, A., and Tammann, G. A., 1990, Ap. J. 365, 1.

Steigman, G., and Walker, T. P., 1992, Ap. J. 385, L13.

van den Bergh, S., 1989, Astron. Astrophys. Rev. 1, 111.

Visvanathan, N., 1990, Aust. J. Phys. 43, 189.

Walker, T. P., Steigman, G., Schramm, D. N., Olive, K. A., and Kang, H.-S., 1991, Ap. J. 376, 51.

Yahil, A., 1990, in Particle Astrophysics, ed. J.-M. Alimi, A. Blanchard, A. Bouquet, F. M. de Volnay, J. T. T. Van (Editions Frontiers: France) p. 483.

2. Neutrino astrophysics

2.A. The solar neutrino problem

Alvarez, L., 1949, University of California Radiation Laboratory Report No. UCRL-328 (unpublished).

Bahcall, J. N., 1989, Neutrino Astrophysics, (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, England).

Bahcall, J. N., 1964a, Astrophys. J. 139, 318.

Bahcall, J. N., 1964b, Phys. Rev. Lett. 12, 300.

Bahcall, J. N., M. H. Pinsonneault, and X. Wasserburg, 1995, Rev. Mod. Phys. 69, 781.

Cummings, A., and W. C. Haxton, 1996, Phys. Rev. Lett. 77, 4286.

Davis, Jr., R. 1964, Phys. Rev. Lett. 12, 303.

Davis, Jr., R., D. S. Harmer, and K. C. Hoffman, 1968, Phys. Rev. Lett. 20, 1205.

Haxton, W. C., 1995, Annu. Rev. Astron. Astrophys. 33, 459.

Mikheyev, S. P., and A. Y. Smirnov, 1985, Sov. J. Nucl. Phys. 42, 913.

Pontecorvo, B., 1946, Chalk River Report PD-205 (unpublished).

Wolfenstein, L., 1978, Phys. Rev. D 17, 2369.

2.B. Other aspects of neutrino astrophysics

Bahcall, J. N., 1989, Neutrino Astrophysics, (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, England).

Forestini, M., S. Goriely, A. Jorissen, and M. Arnould, 1992, Astron. Astrophys. 261, 157.

Jorissen, A., D. T. Frayer, H. R. Johnson, M. Mayor, and V. V. Smith, 1993, Astron. Astrophys. 271, 463.

Timmes, F. X., S. E. Woosley, and T. A. Weaver, 1995, Astrophys. J. Suppl. Ser. 98, 617.

Woosley, S. E., D. H. Hartmann, R. D. Hoffman, and W. C. Haxton, 1990, Astrophys. J. 356, 272.

3. Stellar Evolution

3.A. Historical Overview

Beaudet, G., V. Petrosian, and E. E. Salpeter, 1967, Astrophys. J. 150, 979.

Burbidge, G. R., and E. M. Burbidge, 1957, Astrophys. J. 126, 357.

Canuto, V., 1970, Astrophys. J. 159, 641.

Cox, A. N., 1965, Astrophys. J. Suppl. 11, 22.

Cox, A. N., and J. Stewart, 1970a, Astrophys. J. Suppl. 19, 243.

Cox, A. N., and J. Stewart, 1970b, Astrophys. J. Suppl. 19, 261.

Cox, A. N., J. Stewart, and D. D. Eilers, 1965, Astrophys. J. Suppl. 11, 1.

Dicus, D. A., 1972, Phys. Rev. D 6, 941.

Dicus, D. A., E. W. Kolb, D. N. Schramm, and D. L. Tubbs, 1976, Astrophys. J. 210, 481.

Festa, G. G., and M. Ruderman, 1969, Phys. Rev. 180, 1227.

Feynman, R. P., and M. Gell-Mann, 1958, Phys. Rev. 109, 193.

Henyey, L. G., J. E. Forbes, and N. L. Gould, 1964, Astrophys. J. 139, 306.

Hubbard, W. B., and M. Lampe, 1969, Astrophys. J. Suppl. 18, 279.

Iglesias, C. A., and F. J. Rogers, 1996, Astrophys. J. 464, 943.

Iglesias, C. A., F. J. Rogers, and B. G. Wilson, 1990, Astrophys. J. 360, 221.

Itoh, N., H. Hayashi, A. Nishikawa, and Y. Kohyama, 1996, Astrophys. J. Suppl. Ser. 102, 411.

Keller, G., and R. E. Meyerott, 1955, Astrophys. J. 122, 32.

Rogers, F. J., and C. A. Iglesias, 1992, Astrophys. J. Suppl. Ser. 79, 507.

Salam, A., 1968, in Elementary Particle Physics, edited by N. Swartholm (Almqvist, Stockholm).

Seaton, M. J., Y. Yan, D. Mihalis, and A. K. Pradhan, 1994, Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 266, 805.

Weinberg, S., 1967, Phys. Rev. Lett. 19, 1264.

3.B. Evolution of single stars that become white dwarfs

3.B.1. Overview

Allen, C. W., 1973, Astrophysical Quantities, (Athlone, London).

Bowen, G. H., 1988, Astrophys. J. 329, 299.

Bowen, G. H., and L. A. Willson, 1991, Astrophys. J. 375, L53.

Chiosi, C., G. Bertelli, and A. Bressan, 1992, Annu. Rev. Astron. Astrophys. 30, 235.

Deutsch, A. J., 1956, Astrophys. J. 123, 210.

Härm, R., and M. Schwarzschild, 1975, Astrophys. J. 200, 324.

Hoyle, F., 1956, Astrophys. J. 124, 482.

Iben, Jr., I., 1991a, Astrophys. J. Suppl. Ser. 76, 55.

Iben, Jr., I., and A. V. Tutukov, 1996, Astrophys. J. Suppl. Ser. 105, 145.

Iben, Jr., I, and A. V. Tutokov, 1997, Astrophys. J. Suppl. Ser. 491, in press.

Liebert, J., and P. Bergeron, 1995, in White Dwarfs, edited by K. Werner and D. Koester (Berlin, Springer), p. 12.

Paczynski, B., 1971a, Acta Astron. 21, 417.

Renzini, A., 1981, in Physical Processes in Red Giants, edited by I. Iben, Jr., and A. Renzini (Reidel, Dordrecht), p. 431.

Schönberner, D., 1981, Astron. Astrophys. 103, 119.

Tanaka, Y., and W. H. G. Lewin, 1995, in X-Ray Binaries, edited by W. H. G. Lewin, J. van Paradijs and E. P. J. van den Heuvel (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge), p. 126.

van Paradijs, J., 1995, in X-Ray Binaries, edited by W. H. G. Lewin, J. van Paradijs and E. P. J. van den Heuvel (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge), p. 536.

van Paradijs, J., and N. White, 1995, Astrophys. J. 447, L33.

3.B.2. Nucleosynthesis and dredge-up prior to the ABG phase

Becker, S. A., and I. Iben Jr., 1980, Astrophys. J. 232, 831.

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Hoyle, F., and M. Schwarzschild, 1955, Astrophys. J. Suppl. 2, 1.

Iben, Jr., I., 1964, Astrophys. J. 140, 1631.

Iben, Jr., I., 1965, Astrophys. J. 142, 1447.

Iben, Jr., I., 1967b, Astrophys. J. 147, 650.

Iben, Jr., I., 1972, Astrophys. J. 178, 443.

Iben, Jr., I., C. Ritossa, and E. García-Berro, 1997, Astrophys. J., in press.

Iben, Jr., I., and A. V. Tutukov, 1984, Astrophys. J. Suppl. Ser. 54, 335.

Lambert, D. L., J. F. Dominy, and S. Silvertsen, 1980, Astrophys. J. 235, 114.

Lambert, D. L., and L. M. Ries, 1981, Astrophys. J. 248, 228.

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Mengel, J. G., and A. V. Sweigart, 1981, in Astrophysical Parameters for Globular Clusters, edited by A. G. D. Philip (Reidel, Dordrecht), p. 277.

Pilachowski, C., 1986, Astrophys. J. 300, 289.

Prantzos, N., O. Aubert, and J. Audouze, 1996, Astron. Astrophys. 309, 760.

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3.B.3. Nucleosynthesis and dredge-up during the AGB phase

Balsar, D. S., T. M. Bania, R. T. Rood, and T. L. Wilson, 1997, Astrophys. J. 483, 320.

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Hogan, C. J., 1995, Astrophys. J. Lett. 441, L17.

Hollowell, D., and I. Iben Jr., 1989, Astrophys. J. 340, 966.

Iben, Jr., I., 1967b, Astrophys. J. 147, 650.

Iben, Jr., I., 1975a, Astrophys. J. 196, 525.

Iben, Jr., I., 1975b, Astrophys. J. 196, 549.

Iben, Jr., I., 1976, Astrophys. J. 208, 165.

Iben, Jr., I., 1977a, Astrophys. J. 217, 788.

Iben, I. Jr., 1977b, in Advanced Stages of Stellar Evolution, edited by P. Bouvier and A. Maeder (Geneva Observatory, Sauverny), p. 1.

Iben, Jr., I., 1983, Astrophys. J. 275, L65.

Iben, I. Jr., 1991b, in Evolution of Stars: The Photospheric Abundance Connection, edited by G. Michaud and A. V. Tutukov (Dordrecht, Kluwer), p. 257.

Iben, Jr., I., and A. Renzini, 1982a, Astrophys. J. 259, L79.

Iben, Jr., I., and A. Renzini, 1982b, Astrophys. J. Lett. 263, L23.

Iben, Jr., I., and J. W. Truran, 1978, Astrophys. J. 220, 980.

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Smith, V. V., B. Plez, D. L. Lambert, and D. A. Lubowich, 1995, Astrophys. J. 441, 735.

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3.B.4. The born-again AGB phenomenon

Duerbeck, H. W., and S. Benetti, 1996, preprint.

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Iben, Jr., I., 1983, Astrophys. J. 275, L65.

Iben, Jr., I., 1984, Astrophys. J. 277, 333.

Iben, I. Jr., and J. MacDonald, 1995, in White Dwarfs, edited by D. Koester and K. Warner (Springer, Berlin).

Jacoby, G., and H. Ford, 1983, Astrophys. J. 266, 298.

Schönberner, D., 1979, Astron. Astrophys. 79, 108.

3.B.5. Other mixing processes, and wind-mass loss, which affect surface composition

Boesgaard, A. M., and M. J. Tripicco, 1986, Astrophys. J. 303, L42.

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Iben, Jr., I., A. V. Tutukov, and L. R. Yungelson, 1996, Astrophys. J. 456, 750.

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Michaud, G., 1986, Astrophys. J. 302, 650.

3.C. Evolution of massive single stars that produce neutron stars or black holes

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Thielemann, F.-K., K. Nomoto, and M. Hashimoto, 1996, Astrophys. J. 460, 408.

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3.D. Close binary star evolution

3.D.1. Modes of mass transfer and of orbital angular momentum loss

Bhattacharya, D., and E. P. J. van den Heuvel, 1991, Phys. Rep. 203, 1.

Faulkner, J., 1971, Astrophys. J. 170, L99.

Iben, Jr., I., and M. Livio, 1993, Publ. Astron. Soc. Pac. 105, 1373.

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Paczynski, B., 1971b, Annu. Rev. Astron. Astrophys. 9, 183.

Razio, F. A., and M. Livio, 1996, Astrophys. J. 471, 366.

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3.D.2. Scenario modeling

Iben, Jr., I., A. V. Tutukov, and L. R. Yungelson, 1997, Astrophys. J. 475, 291.

Tutukov, A. V., and L. R. Yungelson, 1992, Sov. Astron. 36, 266.

Tutukov, A. V., L. R. Yungelson, and I. Iben Jr., 1992, Astrophys. J. 386, 197.

Yungelson, L. R., and A. V. Tutukov, 1991, in Wolf-Rayet Stars and Interactions with Other Massive Stars in Galaxies, edited by K. A. van den Hucht and B. Hidayat (Reidel, Dordrecht), p. 459.

Yungelson, L. R., and A. V. Tutukov, 1993, in Planetary Nebulae, edited by R. Weinberger and A. Acker (Kluwer, Dordrecht), p. 389.

3.D.2.a. Cataclysmic variables and novae

Fujimoto, M. Y., 1988, Astron. Astrophys. 198, 163.

Fujimoto, M. Y., 1993, Astrophys. J. 419, 768.

Fujimoto, M. Y., and I. Iben Jr., 1997, in Advances in Stellar Evolution, edited by R. T. Rood (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge), p. 245.

Iben, Jr., I., 1982, Astrophys. J. 259, 244.

Iben, Jr., I., M. Y. Fujimoto, and J. MacDonald, 1991, Astrophys. J. 384, 580.

Iben, Jr., I., and A. V. Tutukov, 1984, Astrophys. J. Suppl. Ser. 54, 335.

Iben, Jr., I., and A. V. Tutukov, 1989, Astrophys. J. 342, 430.

Iben, Jr., I., and A. V. Tutukov, 1996, Astrophys. J. Suppl. Ser. 105, 145.

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3.D.2.b. White dwarf mergers: R CrB stars and type Ia supernovae

Bazan, C., and W. D. Arnett, 1994a, Astrophys. J. 433, L41.

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Höflich, P., A. Khokhlov, J. C. Wheeler, M. M. Phillips, N. B. Suntzeff, and M. Hamuy, 1996, Astrophys. J. 472, L81.

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Webbink, R. F., and I. Iben Jr., 1987, in The Second Conference on Faint Blue Stars, edited by A. G. Davis Philip, D. S. Hayes and J. W. Liebert (Davis, Schenectady), p. 445.

3.D.2.c. X-ray binaries and pulsars

Alpar, M. A., A. F. Cheng, M. A. Ruderman, and J. Shalam, 1982, Nature (London) 316, 681.

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4. Hydrogen burning in the pp chain and CN cycle

Bethe, H. A., 1939, Phys. Rev. 55, 434.

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4.A. The p(p,e⁺nu_e)d reaction

Bahcall, J. N., and R. M. May, 1969, Astrophys. J. 155, 501.

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4.B. The ³He(³He,2p)⁴He reaction

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4.C. The ³He(alpha,gamma)⁷Be reaction

Kajino, T., H. Toki, and S. M. Austin, 1987, Astrophys. J. 319, 531.

4.D. The ⁷Be(p,gamma)⁸Be reaction

Filippone, B. W., A. J. Elwyn, C. N. Davids, and D. D. Koetke, 1983a, Phys. Rev. Lett. 50, 412.

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4.E. The ⁷Li(n,gamma)⁸Li reaction

Blackmon, J. C., A. E. Champagne, J. K. Dickens, J. A. Harvey, M. A. Hofstee, S. Kopecky, D. C. Larson, D. C. Powell, S. Raman, and M. S. Smith, 1996, Phys. Rev. C 54, 383.

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4.F. The ¹⁴N(p,gamma)¹⁵O reaction

Chaboyer, B., P. Demarque, P. J. Kernan, and L. M. Krauss, 1996, Science 271, 957.

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4.G. The ¹⁷O(p,alpha)¹⁴N reaction

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4.H. The Hot CNO cycle

Blank, B., S. Andriamonje, S. Czajkowski, F. Davi, R. Del Moral, J. P. Dufour, A. Fleury, A. Musquére, M. S. Pravikoff, R. Grzywacz, Z. Janas, M. Pfützner, A. Grewe, A. Heinz, A. Junghans, M. Lewitowicz, J.-E. Sauvestre, and C. Donzaud, 1995, Phys. Rev. Lett. 74, 4611.

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5. The x process

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5.A. Introduction and Retrospective

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Greenstein, J. L., and R. S. Richardson, 1951, Astrophys. J. 113, 536.

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5.B. Abundances

5.B.1. Lithium

Anders, E. H., and N. Grevesse, 1989, Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 53, 197.

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Cunha, K., V. V. Smith, and D. L. Lambert, 1995, Astrophys. J. 452, 634.

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Deliyannis, C. P., A. M. Boesgaard, and J. R. King, 1995, Astrophys. J. 452, L13.

Deliyannis, C. P., P. Demarque, and S. D. Kawaler, 1990, Astrophys. J. 73, 21.

Deliyannis, C. P., J. R. King, A. M. Boesgaard, and S. G. Ryan, 1994, Astrophys. J. 434, L71.

Deliyannis, C. P., and R. A. Malaney, 1995, Astrophys. J. 453, 810.

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Iben, Jr., I., 1967a, Annu. Rev. Astron. Astrophys. 5, 571.

King, J. R., 1993, Astron. J. 105, 1087.

King, J. R., C. P. Deliyannis, D. D. Hiltgen, A. Stephens, K. Cunha, and A. M. Boesgaard, 1997, Astron. J., 113, 1871.

Lambert, D. L., 1991, in Evolution of Stars: The Photospheric Abundance Connection, edited by G. Michaud and A. Tutukov (Kluwer, Dordrecht), p. 299.

Lambert, D. L., 1995, Astron. Astrophys. 301, 478.

Lambert, D. L., J. E. Heath, and B. Edvardsson, 1991, Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 253, 610.

Lee, C. W., E. L. Martin, and R. D. Mattieu, 1994, Astron. J. 108, 1445.

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Molaro, P., and L. Pasquini, 1994, Astron. Astrophys. 281, L77.

Molaro, P., F. Primas, and P. Bonifacio, 1995, Astron. Astrophys. 295, 47.

Padgett, D. L., 1990, ASP Conf. Series, Vol. 9, p. 355.

Padgett, D. L., 1991, Ph. D. thesis, Caltech.

Pasquini, L., and P. Molaro, 1996, Astron. Astrophys. 307, 761.

Pinsonneault, M. H., C. P. Deliyannis, and P. Demarque, 1992, Astrophys. J. 78, 181.

Rebolo, R., P. Molaro, C. Abia, and J. E. Beckman, 1988, Astron. Astrophys. 193, 193.

Rebolo, R., P. Molaro, and J. E. Beckman, 1988, Astron. Astrophys. 192, 192.

Ryan, S. G., T. Beers, C. P. Deliyannis, and J. Thorburn, 1996, Astrophys. J. 458, 543.

Smith, V. V., D. L. Lambert, and P. E. Nissen, 1993, Astrophys. J. 408, 262.

Spite, F., P. Malliard, and M. Spite, 1984, Astron. Astrophys. 141, 56.

Spite, F., and M. Spite, 1982a, Astron. Astrophys. 115, 357.

Spite, F., and M. Spite, 1993, Astron. Astrophys. 279, L9.

Spite, M., P. Francois, P. E. Nissen, and F. Spite, 1996, Astron. Astrophys. 307, 172.

Steenbock, W., and H. Holweger, 1984, Astron. Astrophys. 130, 319.

Thorburn, J. A., 1994, Astrophys. J. 421, 318.

Thorburn, J. A., L. M. Hobbs, C. P. Deliyannis, and M. Pinsonneault, 1983, Astrophys. J. 415, 150.

Zappala, R. R., 1972, Astrophys. J. 172, 57.

5.B.2. Beryllium

Anders, E. H., and N. Grevesse, 1989, Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 53, 197.

Boesgaard, A. M., 1996, ASP Conf. Series, edited by H. L. Morrison and A. Sarajedini (ASP San Francisco), Vol. 92, p. 327.

Boesgaard, A. M., and J. R. King, 1993, Astron. J. 106, 2309.

Chmielewski, Y., E. Müller, and J. W. Brault, 1975, Astron. Astrophys. 42, 37.

Deliyannis, C. P., A. M. Boesgaard, J. R. King, and D. K. Duncan, 1997, Astron. J., submitted.

Garcia-Lopez, R. J., G. Severino, and M. T. Gomez, 1995, Astron. Astrophys. 297, 787.

Gilmore, G., B. Edvardsson, and P. E. Nissen, 1991, Astrophys. J. 378, 17.

Gilmore, G., B. Gustafsson, B. Edvardsson, and P. E. Nissen, 1992, Nature (London) 357, 379.

King, J. R., C. P. Deliyannis, and A. M. Boesgaard, 1997, Astrophys. J. 478, 778.

Pinsonneault, M. H., S. D. Kawalar, and P. Demarque, 1990, Astrophys. J. 74, 501.

Primas, F., 1996, Publ. Astron. Soc. Pac. 108, 724.

Rebolo, R., P. Molaro, C. Abia, and J. E. Beckman, 1988, Astron. Astrophys. 193, 193.

Ryan, S. G., J. E. Norris, M. S. Bessell, and C. P. Deliyannis, 1992, Astrophys. J. 388, 184.

Stephens, A., A. M. Boesgaard, J. K. King, and C. P. Deliyannis, 1997, Astrophys. J., submitted.

Thorburn, J. A., and L. M. Hobbs, 1996, Astron. J. 111, 2106.

Wallerstein, G., and P. S. Conti, 1996, Annu. Rev. Astron. Astrophys. 7, 99.

5.B.3. Boron

Anders, E. H., and N. Grevesse, 1989, Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 53, 197.

Boesgaard, A. M., and W. D. Heacox, 1978, Astrophys. J. 226, 888.

Boesgaard, A. M., F. Praderie, D. S. Leckrone, R. Faraggiana, and M. Hack, 1974, Astrophys. J. 194, L143.

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Cunha, K., D. L. Lambert, M. Lemke, D. R. Gies, and L. C. Roberts, 1997, Astrophys. J., in press.

Duncan, D. K., D. L. Lambert, and M. Lemke, 1992, Astrophys. J. 401, 584.

Duncan, D. K., R. C. Peterson, J. A. Thorburn, and M. H. Pinsonneault, 1994, Bull. Am. Astron. Soc. 26, 868.

Duncan, D. K., F. Primas, L. M. Rebull, A. M. Boesgaard, C. P. Deliyannis, L. M. Hobbs, J. R. King, and S. G. Ryan, 1997, Astrophys. J., in press.

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Federman, S. R., Y. Sheffer, D. L. Lambert, and R. L. Gilliland, 1993, Astrophys. J. 413, L51.

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Lemke, M., D. L. Lambert, and B. Edvardsson, 1993, Publ. Astron. Soc. Pac. 105, 468.

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Zhai, M., and D. M. Shaw, 1994, Meteoritics 29, 607.

5.C. Nonlocal thermodynamic-equilibrium effects

Carlsson, M., R. J. Rutten, J. H. M. J. Bruls, and N. G. Shchukina, 1994, Astron. Astrophys. 288, 860.

Garcia-Lopez, R. J., G. Severino, and M. T. Gomez, 1995, Astron. Astrophys. 297, 787.

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Kiselman, D., and M. Carlsson, 1995, in The Light Element Abundances, Isola d'Elba, ESO/EIPC Workshop, edited by Phillipe Crane (Springer, Berlin), p. 372.

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5.D. Production mechanisms

5.D.1. Big Bang

Krauss, L. M., and P. Romanelli, 1990, Astrophys. J. 358, 47.

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Thomas, D., D. N. Schramm, K. Olive, and B. Fields, 1993, Astrophys. J. 406, 569.

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Wagoner, R. V., 1973, Astrophys. J. 179, 343.

Wagoner, R. V., W. A. Fowler, and F. Hoyle, 1967, Astrophys. J. 148, 3.

5.D.2. Spallation

Burbidge, E. M., G. R. Burbidge, W. A. Fowler, and F. Hoyle, 1957, Rev. Mod. Phys. 29, 547.

Duncan, D. K., F. Primas, L. M. Rebull, A. M. Boesgaard, C. P. Deliyannis, L. M. Hobbs, J. R. King, and S. G. Ryan, 1997, Astrophys. J., in press.

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Ryan, S. G., J. E. Norris, M. S. Bessell, and C. P. Deliyannis, 1992, Astrophys. J. 388, 184.

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Vangioni-Flam, E., M. Cassé, and R. Oberto, 1990, Astrophys. J. 349, 510.

5.D.3. Asymptotic giant branch stars

Burbidge, E. M., G. R. Burbidge, W. A. Fowler, and F. Hoyle, 1957, Rev. Mod. Phys. 29, 547.

Cameron, A. G. W., 1955, Astrophys. J. 121, 144.

Cameron, A. G. W., and W. A. Fowler, 1971, Astrophys. J. 164, 111.

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Smith, V. V., and D. L. Lambert, 1989, Astrophys. J. 345, L75.

Smith, V. V., and D. L. Lambert, 1990, Astrophys. J. Suppl. Ser. 72, 387.

Smith, V. V., B. Plez, D. L. Lambert, and D. A. Lubowich, 1995, Astrophys. J. 441, 735.

5.D.4. Supernovae

Audouze, J., and J. W. Truran, 1975, Astrophys. J. 202, 204.

Cunha, K., D. L. Lambert, M. Lemke, D. R. Gies, and L. C. Roberts, 1997, Astrophys. J., in press.

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6. Helium burning

Fowler, W. A., G. R. Caughlin, and B. A. Zimmerman, 1975, Annu. Rev. Astron. Astrophys. 13, 69.

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6.A. Triple-alpha capture

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6.B. alpha+¹²C capture

Weaver, T. A., and S. E. Woosley, 1993, Phys. Rep. 227, 65.

6.B.1. E1 capture

Barker, F. C., 1971, Aust. J. Phys. 24, 777.

Dyer, P., and C. A. Barnes, 1974, Nucl. Phys. A 233, 495.

Plaga, R., H. W. Becker, A. Redder, C. Rolfs, H. P. Trautvetter, and K. Langanke, 1987, Nucl. Phys. A 465, 291.

Tilley, D. R., H. R. Weller, and C. M. Cheves, 1993, Nucl. Phys. A 564, 1.

6.B.1.a. Direct measurements

Dyer, P., and C. A. Barnes, 1974, Nucl. Phys. A 233, 495.

Koonin, S. E., T. A. Tombrello, and G. Fox, 1974, Nucl. Phys. A 220, 221.

Kremer, R. M., C. A. Barnes, K. H. Chang, H. C. Evans, B. W. Fillipone, K. H. Hahn, and L. W. Mitchell, 1988, Phys. Rev. Lett. 60, 1475.

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6.B.1.b. beta-delayed alpha spectrum from the decay of ¹⁶N

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6.B.2. E2 capture

Kiener, J., V. Tatischeff, P. Aguer, G. Bogaert, A. Coc, D. Disdier, L. Kraus, A. Lefebvre, I. Linck, W. Mittif, T. Motobayashi, F. de Oliveira-Santos, P. Roussel-Chomaz, C. Stephan, and J. P. Thibaud, 1997, in Proceedings of Nuclei in the Cosmos IV (Nucl. Phys. A 621, 173c).

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6.B.3. Other analyses and recommended values

Barker, F. C., 1987, Aust. J. Phys. 40, 25.

Barker, F. C., and T. Kajino, 1991, Aust. J. Phys. 44, 369.

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